§3.10 天体物理过程的次分辨率建模
Sub-resolution modelling of astrophysical processes 在宇宙学流体动力学模拟中,涉及星系形成和演化的天体物理过程跨越了巨大的动力学范围。它们从约$\sim$Mpc尺度——引力不稳定性驱动暗物质组分演化与暗晕等级式并合之处——一直延伸到约$\sim$pc和$\sim$亚pc尺度——黑洞吸积和恒星形成等过程发生之处,途经约$\sim$kpc尺度——例如星系风将恒星反馈能量分配到周围介质之处。 因此,对次网格物理的需求至关重要:次分辨率模型描述的是发生在宇宙学流体动力学模拟分辨率极限以下的过程,但这些过程会影响在显式解析尺度上演化的模拟结构。次分辨率方案通常借助相当简单的解析或理论模型,辅以恰当选择并经校准以重现观测的参数,对相当复杂的过程进行唯象描述(另见§3.16小节)。The astrophysical processes involved in the formation and evolution of galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations span a huge dynamical range of scales. They indeed vary from the $\sim$Mpc scales where gravitational instabilities drive the evolution of the DM component and the hierarchical assembly of haloes, down to the $\sim$parsec and $\sim$sub-parsec scales, where processes like BH accretion and star formation take place, going through the $\sim$kpc scales, where e.g. galactic winds distribute the stellar feedback energy to the ambient medium. The call for sub-grid physics is thus essential: sub-resolution models account for processes that occur below the resolution limit of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, but that affect the evolution of the simulated structure on scales that are explicitly resolved. Sub-resolution prescriptions usually resort to rather simple analytical or theoretical models, and/or to the phenomenological description of rather complex processes, through a suitable choice of parameters that are calibrated to reproduce observations (see also sub-section §3.16). ...